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Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser 1807/07-1807/12 msa_sc3722_2_6_2-0063 Enlarge and print image (5M) |
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Federal Gazette & Baltimore Daily Advertiser 1807/07-1807/12 msa_sc3722_2_6_2-0063 Enlarge and print image (5M) |
| I - 1,1 J»l_l fYofei ?£e Commercial Advertiser. New-York, July 14, 1807. J ' Mr. Lewis, In your paper of Wednesday evening, I observed the following Resolution— Tn Com.mon Council, l^th July, 1807. Reselved, That this board will carefully cede te the United Slates, such part of the public grounds at the Battery and at the Ba- son in-Duane-street, or elsewhere, together . vSt-h the right of soil - tinder water within their jurisdiction, as the secretary of "war may deem necessary for erecting fortificati- ons for the defence of the city. There can now no longer exist a doubt of the intentions of the government to take \ prompt measuies for the defence of this city and harbor. It is a question of great nati- onal importance, and on which the fate of this city, and the welfare of its inhabitants materially depend. As a native of this city, I conceive I have a right to express my solicitude, that the fortifications contemplated to be erected may answer the end intended, be fully com- petent to the defence, and not the cause of the destruction of the city, and the distress and rum of its inhabitants, ' As an officer who served the whole of the revolutionary war, I should view myself highly, culpable in ivitiiolding niyopiniononthis interesting subject, (not the hasty opinion of the mo-, runt; but one formed on observation and reflect! -n, aided by the judgment of our .oldest and most experienced officers,) whilst lam impressed witii the idea that my obser- vations may be f some service, or perhaps liavc a tendency to draw forth the opinions of others more competent to the subject. , . The resolution of the corporation cedes to the United States such part of the pub- lic grounds at the battery, and at the bason, in D-iane-strect, Sec. as the secretary of war nny deem necessary for erecting fortificati- ons for the defence of the city. I boldly hazard my opinion in this early stage of the business, invite criticism and rest my apology fox calling the atttentian of the gentlemen employed by government, on the importance of the subject, and the interest and lives of my fellow-citizens. In my opinion any attempt to deiend the city of New-York by batteries erected on its wharfs, Governor's Island, Bedlow's or Ellis's and Paulus Hook is not only imprac- ticable, and fruitless, but exposes this flou- i-ishing city to inevitable destruction. Wha- tever is master of the h;rbor is master of the city. It becomes, therefore necessary to de- fend the entrance of the harbor by such for- tifications and such a distribution of troops and artillery as effectually to prevent an e- ¦ »emy from entering and taking possession of it. To prove the first assertion, that the city cannot be defended from .its wharves, nor by batteries from the Islands and Pau- lus Hook, I refer to the plan of the city, "the chart of the harbor, and the stations a- forementioned, . where batteries are, and ¦where others are proposed to lis erected. • The south point of Y'brk-I land is form- ed by the confluence of the North and East rivers,- extending to the harbor. On this I point the'city appr aches every where close to ihe'wateis, and this part is occupied by •¦the most respectable mercantile inhabitants. Here are the most capital'buildings, dwell* ing-hpuses, store-houses, . and magazines, 'the depots of merchandize, the value of which is as immen'se as difficult to ascertain. The treasures of ur commerce are here ex- posed 111 the viomity'of th/se very wharves •where it is pr posed to erect batteries, and yrtvent- an enemy from bombarding and taking possession of the city. Here like- wise is our government house, v here is de- posited the valuable records, bonds, and papers appertaining to the officers of the col- lector, naval officer, and surveyor of the customs, and other very valuoble edifices. Yet here it is that it is pr posed to erect bat- teries, and foil the attemps of ships of the line to lay our city under contribution, or in ashes, or to pass to eligible positions above the city. But there is to be a batte- ry on a pier projecting from the' Flag-staff; and another at the botton of Duane-street ; Oyster-island is to be garnished with heavy artillery, and Fort Jay is to display thirty heavy pieces of ordnance. If any doubt the possibility of passing these batteries, I call their attention to the very little regard the British ships of war paid to our fire when passing up the North river in 76, when Paulus Hook was strongly fortified, the old battery and fort George presenting a double tier of 32 and 24 pounders in full fire, and also the very recent circumstance of the forcing of the Dardanelles, and the threatened destruction of the capital of the Turkish empire. Eord Nelson, before Copenhagen, presents another' picture.— This prppossd exterior defence being then.of iio effect, it follows that the inhabitants of 'New-York are to be reduced to the necessi- ty of defending their city unde.r.the windows of their bouses, ar.d the field of battle is to tic established in the centre of their disconso- Jaje families. What a dreadful scene, what a horrid -picture will here be presented ! Tf.it only all these useles batteries, but every street enfala'ded by the enemies fire every ^building exposed to be.set on fire by shells, red hot balls and carcases. The fathers of famiiies'.fighting the enemy, within hearing of the crises of their wivesand children, dri- ven by.terror from their houses, and flying distractedly they know not where. What troops will remain in batteries thus situated,, tvithin viewof men a honid scene, with an almost certain prospect of seeing, after all their struggles, this grand and flourishing city reduced to an heap of ashes, and Us streets covered with the bodies ar.d limbs* *}f old men, women and children ? Convinced of the incff.eacy of the defence from Paulus Hook, governor's island and the batteries proposed to be erected to shelter the city from an approach of the ' enemies' ships, when they have once entered the harbor—It remains now to consider whether the entrance into the harbor cannot be se- cured in such a manner, as to prevent an enemy from entering it, and secondly to examine the advantages which will result to the party who is in possession of the har- bor. In contemplating these subjects the typog raphical map with the accurate soun- dings will of course be referred to. The Narrows is the spot pointed out by nature for the essential defence of the harbor and city of New-York. On the west is pre- sented.an elevated shore, susceptible of three formidable batteries, one above the other ; the fir3t battery on the shore, presents an ho- rizontal fire enbarbet ; from this a point blank shot from an 18 pounder reaches above double the distance of the channel.. ' The second, calculated for a plunging bat- tery, will present a most destructive fire, a- gainst :n approach ng enemy, at the same time that it effectu lly covers and protects the horizontal batter-, below, The third, a strong redouf with heavy artillery enbarbet, offers a heavy lire against hostile ships at the lull range of shot, as they approach the narrows, at the same time extending ample protection to-the bat- teries of the first and second positions. In addition to these, at the distance of a- bout 120 3>-ards, is an inviting hill near tlie shore, well calculated for a redout, capable of containing about 120 men, from which a battery of 6 guns commands the bay at the full range of fire. In rear of these redouts, at the distance of 600 yards, is ground favorable for an eii- canipment of three thousand men. . On the eastern shore, the point of Long Island descends gradually to the waters of the narrows. This point projects with a san itv Oat into the water at the distance of 286 yards, co'ered with from four to six feet of water, and consjquently may be wharfed up so as to plant a heavy battery above highwa t. r r.1.1 1 opposite to the horizontal and plunging; batteries on the Sratenlsland shore. The distance between these batteries will be less ;*..n one mile. In rear- of this position is an elevated spot for a close redout, capable of containing SCO men. Its cannon will af- ford ample protection to the horizontal bat- tery on the pier, atyl at the same time give a plunging fire on the enemy. >t three hun- dred yards from this redout, is a spot for a redou and. battery of field fortification to contain 120 men and eight pieces of artille ry. This work affords the double advantage of enfalading the river.through the narrows and of covering the right wing of an excel lent encampment for 3000 men. To, enforce more effectually the defence of tlie passage, it is proposed to station"! wo floating batteries armed with heavy guns, stationed_on the north side of the two oppo- site horizontal batteries, attended by a sum cicnt number"of gunboats. These may with great facility form a line of fire, occupying the full space from the one shore to the o- ther, and thus effectually strengthen the defence of the channel, and be fully pro ected by forti:'cations on the shores. The narrows, thus garnished with fortifi- cations, and garrisoned, and in case of so- lemn war and actual invasion, supported by additional troops in two advantageous camps, with the proposed floating batteries and gunboats, affords a formidable and suffi. cient defence for the entrance of the harbor. But the importance of the object ought not to permit the least neglect of any addition al obstruction against an invading enemy. A cone sunk in the centre, crowned with 4 thirty-two pounder's, with chains extending to the horizontal batteries on the Staten Is- land and Long Island shores, supported by the two floating batteries, and gunboats in side oi the chains, and the harbor of New- York becomes the most formidable & best secured of any within my knowledge. The Narrows being thus secured, the po- sitions on both sides are the places where tlie troops of New-York and New Jersey will assemble and be ready to oppose the landing of any troops destined for the as- sault of the works. The harbor of New- York then becomes the safe depot of the produce of an immensely rich and extensive country ; and the city, inaccessible to any invasion, may see the end of war without molestation or danger. I return to the principle upon which my opinion is founded, viz. that whoever is mas- ter of the harbor of New-York, is not only master of the city, but all the places to a great extent into the country. No illustra- tion can be necessary on this highly inter- esting position. Having detailed the nature and positions of the fortifications for the security of the entrance into the harbor, I will add the dis- position of the troops, for the defence of these fortifications. In time of peace, a garrison of one com- pany of artillery, consisting of so artillerists, cannoniers, bombadiers, and 50 matrosses, would-be sufficient under the orders of a captain commandant, 4 lieutenants, and a clue proportion of correct, well instructed non-commisioned officers. The commanding general to reside in the city ; at an alarm by rockets or cannon from the Narrows, indicating the approach of an enemy, a select corps, previously organized, of 600 men, will pass down immediately, and man the forts on the right and left. The same signal of alarm will call from Staten Island and Elizabeth-Town 300 select men to.garrison the fort on the west, and 300 others from Kings' county will garrison the redouts and fortifications on the east side. The total of garrison consisting of 1300 well chosen men, will be promptly prepared for defence. A corps of 3000 organized militia will march without delay and occupy the camp on the east, and the same-number from Staten Island and New Jersey will occupy the camp on the west of the Narrows ; at the. same time,, tlie chain is raised, the' floating batte- ries and gun-boats take their proper stations, and the approach of the enemy may bu wait- ed for with firmness and confidence. Under these arrangements, no plunderer will ever attempt the passage, nor will an. invader ha- zard his ships ; but he must land, beat us on our own shore, make regular approaches to our strong protected redouts, and ¦entrench- ed camps, before he can possess himself of our wa«-r batteries to ensure his fleet a safe harbor. Should he be foiled in his attempts, and campaign wasted in a har^y. soldier like .defence, "he must retire from o<.i?,shcr& and • coast,seeking an assyliHn for his fleet in some ! other port, from the storms of autumn, and tlie inclemencies of the winter. The reverse will .inevitably be the case, if we proceed 1 witl> the, fortifications: on our I Islands and wharves., A blockading seuaa- ! von will take possession of the bay and :; watering place, cut off all communication ; with the Atlantic, and check, if not totally ; obstruct, all intercourse by water -.yith the j Jerseys and southern-states. Pacts jof such ' magnitude surely merit attention; and the ' safety of- our city demands all the exertions of the patriot whether in the cabinet or the field. W. S. SMITH, Aid-de-Camp to the commander in chief, and adjutant-general of the light infantry of the late continental army. Fom the Aurora. To the Editor. Sir,—So much has been said of my dis- closures to the executive respecting the pre- tended conspiracy of colonel Burr, and they have recently been brought into notice by the council for the prosecution, against him in so extraordinary and unwarrantable a manner, that I think it incumbent n me to make a few observations on thai, subject, -with a view or removing erroneous impres sins •hich otherwise might prevail with regard to mv character. A few days after , my arrival at New-Or- leans, in September last, letters were receiv- ed in town from General Wilkinson, then on the Sabine river stjtmg that h stilities with the Spaniards were unavoidable, that his next letter uould bring the details of the first engagement, and that he hoped to give a good'accotinf if the dons. In consequence of this information, which occasioned considerable alarm, about three hundred men were dispatched from New- Orleans, to proceed by land to the Sabine, to reinforce general Wilkinson. Some ar- tillery "as sent off by water to ascend the Red river for the same purp se and tw > gun boats were ordered up the Mississippi to be ready for an attack on Baton Rouge. By what magic general Wilkinson, whose letter in so positive a manner had announc- ed hostilities as unavoidable, wrought such change in the mind of the Spanish com- mander, who was at the head of fifteen hundred men, and actually invaded the ter- ritory of the United States, as to make him subscribe toterms of accommodation which general Wilkinson has termed most humi- liating and to indir hem to retreat twenty leagues beyond-'.: ground"in,dispute—This gen. "Wilkinson alone can explain !* The fact is, that to the astonishment of the world, Such an accomodation did take place, and that general Wilkinson suddenly arrived at New-Orleans, where he came, to use his own phrase,." to play the devil." When in the month of December, I was seized and arrested by order of general Wil- kinson, but in thg name of the United Slates, and was forcibly transported, I left New-Orleans under the impression that co- lonel Burr, in consequence of the transmit- ted information to him of the hostile com- plexion of affairs on the frontiers, and of the supposed certainty of war, might find him- self with a large body of volunteers, deter- mined to push on toward. Mexico, and whom, perhaps-, it »ou!u be difficult to dt vert from that purpose, notwithstanding the unexpected pacific arrangements between the Spanish commander and general Wi'kins >n. When I arrived at Charleston, Annapo- lis and Washington, all the newspapers re- piesented col. Burr as being at the head of (wo th usand men, and they were ringing at the same time With the reports of his pretended treason. These circumstances occasioned in my mind great indignation, with regard to the reports just mentioned and great solicitude lest gen. Wilkinson's conduct and Col. Burr's situation might lead to occurrences which col. Burr would deprecate, and which, invo- luntarily, would put him in the wrong. I therefore requested an interview with the president of the United States, for two decided objects. 1. To remove from his mind the false impressions he had received with regard to treason. 2. To endeavor to convince him that the interests of the U. States would be best consulted by going to war with Spain, and giving countenance to the expedition which colonel Burr had planned. It appeared to me that this step might do some good, could do no harm, and, in my situation, ought to be attempted. I saw the president, together with Mr. Madison, and having first, when questioned on that point, declared to the former that I had no personal motives for this interview, spoke to them to the effect just mentioned. The day after the interview I received the following note from the president, the ori- ginal of which, in his own hand-writing, now remains in my possession : " The communications which Dr. Boll- man made yesterday to Thonifas Jefferson, were certainly interesting, but they were too much for his memory. From their com- plexion and tendency, he presumes Dr. Boll- man would have no objection to commit them to writing, in all the details into wh^ch * Urged on this point gen, Wilkinson has declare^ before the grand jury, that after re- reiving Mr. Swartwoiit'.; communication on the Sabine river, he terrified the Spanish commander with an account of an approach- ing expedition olvolunteei-SjSuificic-iUlj' strong to crush hin-ij and to march to Mexico in spite of insistence. By tins means he made him listen.and subscribe to an humiliating accom- modation ! 'Tims pence has been, preserved, through cob Burr 1 and the plan ol an expe- dition, justly calculated on events actually im. pending which would have rendered it feral ami laudable, has acquired an opposite elm- • racier through the, inimical conduct, of a weak: I and treachevumt -friend. he v?.nl jrSsirerday, jtfief snen oibers ns1ie Way" i have,then omitted,."Thomas Jefferson giving him'his word of honor-thai they never shail be used against himself, and that tbcpaper shall never go out of his hand. " January 25, 1807." I immediately complied with the presi- dent's request ; and considering the com- munication, in conformity with the tenor of his note, as strictly confidential, I had no mo- tive to be unusually guarded, or to weigh every expression with more- than ordinary care. ' The paper, containing nearly 20 pages, was hardly finished, when I immediately sent it to the president. I borrowed it from him, some time afterwards, when in prison, in order to take a copy, and then returned it. The whde.of it goes to the two points above mentioned, viz. to disprove treason, and to shew the expediency of ear. It can give no other ideas to an unbiassed reader, unless one or two expressions, improperly used, and for which the allowance ought to be made, that the English is not my native language, are singled out', are considered disconnectedly with what precedes and fol- lows,'and construed in a hostile manner. The president had given his won.', and ho- nor that this paper should 110t.be oseii against myself: y-etpn it was predicated the pretend ed necessity of a pardon for niv per- >t\al safety, ^he attorney fftr.the district in open court, wh"n offerina tnethemtwit »f pardon, referred to it. Nay, when I indignantly re- fused thaf pardon, he reminded me of tin- /;.....Tf f n ignowitfioiu fate, in order if possible to change my determination ! Is a paper npt used against me when, on account of its coiiteiUsimisuuderstood I am thus as Bailed with the tender of a badge of infamy ? Is iff in. Mr. Jefferson's-Ophrton dU and elm ratffrand •e/tytBtftm* which al >n* can render it desirable, nothing ? The great ia,quest of the nation after hearing a variety of testi- mony, and particularly that of (Jen. Wilkin- son by an opinion nearly unanimous on my subject haie absolved me ft m guilt! No indictment has been preferred against me, though they have indicted various gentlemen in different parts of the United States. Was it then becoming tlie (irst magistrate of the union, whom I had approached with some degree of confidence, who stood pledged not to use that confidence against myself, and with regard to-whom neither my conduct nor my language have ever been unfriendly —was it becoming him in a measure to fore- stall the opinion of the grand jury and to stigmatize me as a pardoned criminal ? The paper was never to get out of the president's hands ; but it. is noiv in the hands of the attorney for the Virginia district. On the 23d of June, an occurrence of' the prints have taken-no notice jury came into court. Their tofeman stated that one of the witnesses had nyntip! him an important paper, written by another witness, which was in the possession of Mr. Hay, the attorney, and of which they wish- ed tlie delivery. Mr Hay replied'that this referred to my letter to the president, which wps in his possession, ,but that he did not consider himself warranted to give it to the grand jury.' He also declared it to be his firm persuasion that the paper was writ ten in my own hand writiu'; : it lias further appeared that he had occasioned General Wilkinson to read it. Through him he had brought what is falsely stated to .be its con- tents insidiously before the grand jury.. Gen. Wilkinson when before that body, and of course on his oath, did assert "that he saw the paper in Mr. Hay's hands ; that it was my hand writing and my signature ! This, measure, however, of the attorney, has not proved injurious to col. Burr. Tlie contents of my letter even communicated to the grand jury, through such a channel of corruption-and impurity, ha\ehad no influ- ence on their decision. It is well understood that their indictment has arisen f.om a mt'i- ronst •uctioh of the law of treason. From 20 to 30 unarmed men had assembled on Bleiinerhasset's island. They demeaned themselvts peaceably but embarked in three boats and descended the river t<.vuards New- Orleans. They were, with others, to pio Ceed all the way thither in case of certain contingent and probable events, in order to be equipped for a further expedition, but were to stop at Washita, to effect a settlement, should those events not take place. This fact and the false supposition that New Or- leans, for the purpose mentioned, was to be occupied by force, and was to be held by force, until the party were ready for their enterprise ; these are the grounds which; in their opinion, have warranted the indictment. A Close investigation of the law and of the facts before a petty jury, with the advantage of testimony from both sides, will, ere long, correct that opinion, will remove every doubt with regard to colonel Burr's patriotism, and justify his views ! I. have nothing to add except that, not- withstanding the ill treatment I have on this occasion received from the president of the United States, I should have forborne mak- ing these observations, if I had not been forced to it by considerations of self defence. I am inclined to believe that Mr. Jefferson has not been actuated by anyr ill will to- wards me. His pardon was not intended to affect my character ; he did not mean to for- feit his word of honor by transmitting my letter to him to Mr. Hay, but the injury I have sustained remains the same. The his- tory of the pardon will have flown over Eu- rope, and the impression of treachery to a friend—this more detestable, . more odious crime than any infraction of the laws of the country, because essentially, fraught with turpitude, be blended with myr name iii the minds of many who may never see this let- ter. And if all this injury could be inflicted by Mr. Jefferson without ill will, merely from want of consideration under the dis- turbing influence of passion and resentment against col. Burr, notwithstanding his ma- ture Bge, and the dignity of his .station- it Will amount to a strong proof at least, that I, in my humble sphere, and with a moie youthful imagination, may have become enamored wjth the, beautiful prospect of the emancipation of att enslaved kingdom—a project, which Mr. Jefferson himself approv- ed of, and.connived at.wUen planned, not by col. Burr, but by Miranda.—and that I may have engaged in it without meaning any harm, to the United Scalej, or to. their presi- dent, .iiut not-only have, I b.een injure^ by ISiJjr, Jpleapn himself, his agents eJrdcoB^'5,:;¦/'-'• frcm the secretary of state to his priv? ¦' •¦"' cretary, and frenvhim still tLwnwards ip the attorney who represents him: in the pr ? secution in Richm.nd, have on more than one occasion manifested hostility, and base been guilty towards me of glaring infracti- ons of every rule of propriety and decorum- The secretary of state has detained letters di- rected to me, and has only given them up after I had accidenlly discovered the fact gnd when I urged them for their delivery. The private secretary has several times be. trayed an, unbecoming temper, and the at. torney in particular, sheltering himself be- hind his privileges a.-, ccunsei, and taking advantage of the peculiar delicacy of mv si" tuation at this moment, has treated me in open court with the most tuiprovoked. and . therefore most abominable indecency. If this was mistaken zeal, arising from an ex- treme want of discernment and sound poli- cy ;—if it was -unauthorised b tbe presi- dent, and if it is therefore not o e ,ttnbut- ed to him—it will strongly remind him at least, that if some unfortunately v.jld liearls lately associated with col. Burr, shoulfl have blended their own incongruous, Mft~ posessions and apparertly treasonable ideas,, with his honorable views, their vuilt ough* not rashly to be transferred to their princ:*. pal. Even the papers in the interest of govern- ment propagate on my suhjret the-most in- jurious falsehoods. Befoie the pardon -came 'ut, and Before it was known, that the pre- sident of the Untied States, in tratifmittiRr- my letter t , him for Mr. Hay, had violated his word of honor, no invectives,appearefl against me. But -ince the measure of the pardon has proved abortive and ridiculous, and since the fact of his breach.of,the v. on! of honor can no longer be denied—ifce.i? tone is changed. /\? asua) I am abuse'd, not for the wrong I did, hut for the wroij'T which has been c0151n1i.ee! upon me. 'Tbc'y insinuate aniongother things, I'.ai at Wash- ington I had obtained promises ham Mr, Jef- ferson, and had agreed with him for.a par- don ; that I refused it at Richmond, in or- der to have a pretext for wit'nhcldinr' testi- mony on the ground that it would criminate myself, tho'it is well known that such pio- inise, such agreement, never took place, and tliat before tlie grand jury, during :an examination of upwards of.two -hoiirs, I .111- swered, without a single -exception,, ey.erv question that was asked me. Mr WilUarn Duane, moreover says, that I am hdebecl for my life to the beitevoleiice.of Mr (cT. '¦'ii of the first characters tip Virginia. ' earing evidence decided; that there is- no ground, of.accusation against me. but the editor of the Aur -ira, without having any evidence, decides that I am in- debted for my life to Mr. Jefferson's benevo- lence ! MM When partyspt'fit and passion go so far,-, it would be improper to remain silent, -and should what I have .said in my defence, operate to the -prejudice of Mr. }i (lerson, of wound his feelinjrs. it ist not my fnlilt. ERICS BOLLMAN." [Remarks of the aurora to.mprrow.] .> ;imii«i.hi i.i^,. -^^i,CTic*,.-.u^^,j»**^o,a.^»ft*a»RMv«^,^,„^^ BY -THIS- DAY'a MAILS- BOSTONVJ'nlyiS. FRO M MONTM VWBO. On "Wednesday arrived in tou;n Mr* Morris, who was a passeng«i: in the. Swiff, at Ne - port, and left Monte Video on the 1st of June. The British had extended- their conquests on the north side, of the n-» ver'Plate, as far as opposite Buenos AyresJ but had made no attempt on that plccei-snp? intending to .undertake that er.terprize unltl the arrival of expected . reinforcements, gen. Whitclock had landed at Monte Video and taken the command ; the troops .thai- sailed from England with him, were-'par.N ed with at sea, but were momently expect- ed. Gen. Caldwell had reached the Cape of Good Hope, where he found orders to proceed to La Plata. When • the-whole force is collected, the British will have a. bout 16,000 soldiers.—The Spaniards at Monte Video appear to be well satisfi'V! with being under the English—j a -prett-; brisk trade was carried on with the natives. The British and American vessels would make belter voyages than bad been expected. The British were civil and obliging to- th« Americans there. ,A spirit of •indepen- dence appeared to be pervading the Spani- ards and Portuguese in South Ameripa—and it was thought that Spain would -certainly lose her colonies whether they submitted to the English or not. Gen. Eeresfird haHon. Jonathan IV:..y.i , Dr. John-Wai'tn. The.committee reporte.i -the'fcllowifigre- solutions, .-which were atreed.. to ,. \KiUi61Ji division, by the.committe,:,a, d.una:usn un- accepted by the t,'ie;u : Vwp, la.'JSm.rnv.'rusf.tson? ' |